Some Biologists (Scientist) and their Contributions

Atony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A Dutch Cloth merchant, turned into scientist.
He invented a simple microscope and studied living cells.

August Weisman (1834-1914)
A German Biologist.
He introduced Germ plasm theory in 1892.

Alexander Flemming (1881-1955)
He discovered Penicillin.

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
A Swedist Naturalist.
He introduced Binomial Nomenclature for naming plants and animals.

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
A British Naturalist.
He is called Newton of Biology.
He proposed the theory of Pangenesis to explain inheritance.
He also proposed Origin of species by Natural Selection.

Empedocles (495-425 BC)
He stated source of body temperature was blood.
He also proposed concept of evolution.

Father Saurez
He is not father of any branches of science.
He was a priest in a church and thus called father.
He believed in 'special creation theory.'

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)
An Austrian Monk.
He discovered principles of inheritance.

Geroges Leopold Cuvier (1769-1832)
A French Palaeontologist.
He studied fossils and laid the foundation of Palantology.
He also studied comparative anatomy.

Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744-1829)
A French Naturalist.
He proposed inheritance of acquired characters.
He discarded the idea of fixity of species.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He proposed 'Germ theory of disease.'
He discarded 'Spontaneous theory' of origin of life.
He discovered vaccine against 'Anthrax'.
He also proposed pasteurization for sterilization.

Robert Hooke (1935-1945)
He assembled a compound microscope.
He discovered cells in cork.

Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)
A German Zoologist.
He proposed cell theory in 1839 by his study on animal tissue.

William Harvey (1578-1657)
A British Scientist.
He discovered blood circulation.

T.H. Morgan (1866-1945)
He discovered sex linked inheritance in Drosophila.
He laid foundation of gene theory.

Branches of Biology

Acarology:- Study of mites and ticks.
Aerology:- Study of flying organisms.
Anatomy:- Study of structure of internal organs.
Anthropology:- Study of natural history of man.
Aphidology:- Study of aphids.
Apiculture:- The rearing of honey bees and obtaining honey.
Aquaculture:- The culture of fish and other aquatic animals.
Araneology:- Study of spiders.
Bacteriology:- Study of bacteria.
Batracology:- Study of frogs.
Carcinology:- Study of Crustaceans.
Cnidology:- Study of coelentrates.
Conchology:- Study of molluscan shells.
Entomology:- Study of insects.
Ethology:- Study of behavior of animals.
Eugenics:- Study of improvement of human race by improving genetic constitution of human race.

Euphenics:- Study of improvement of human race by altering the proteins during protein synthesis in cells. This is also called Medical engineering.

Euthenics:- Science of improvement of modern generation of man through better nutrition and Environment.
Herpatology:- Study of reptiles.
Icthyology:- Study of fishes.
Karyology:- Study of nucleus.
Malacology:- Study of mollusks.
Mammology:- Study of mammals.
Microbiology:- Study of microorganisms.
Nematology:- Study of nematodes.
Nidology:- Study of nests of birds.
Ophiology:- Study of snakes.
Palaeontology:- Study of fossils.
Parasitology:- Study of parasites.
Parazoology:- Study of sponges.
Phenology:- Study of bird migration.
Pisciculture:- Rearing of fishes in ponds.
Saurology:- Study of lizards.
Sericulture:- Rearing of silk worms and obtaining silk.

Scope of Biology

Biology reveals to us the secretes of life uncovered by biologist through centuries of researches.
Biology is of great importance to mankind in a practical sense.
Young biologists to choose their field of specialization is called scope of Biology. The scopes are:-

Anthropology
The science of man and mankind including the study of the physical and mental constitution of man.
It also deals cultural development, social condition, as exhibited by both in present and past.

Biomedical engineering
Branch of engineering dealing with the production of spare parts for man.
Artificial limbs, heart, lungs and other machines to help impaired body funtions are the product of Bio medical engineering used by the doctors.

Biotechnology
It deals with the use of living organisms or of substances obtained from them in industrial process.

Food technology
The science of processing and preservation of healthy foods.
The application of science for the manufacture of milk products is called Dairy technology.
Culture: the rearing of honey bees, bee keeping especially for commercial purposes.
Fishery or Pisiculture : The industry of rearing and catching fishes or other products of the sea, lakes, rivers or ponds.
Sericulture : the breeding and treatment of silkworms for producing raw silk.
Entomology deals with the structure, habits, and classification of insects.

Genetic Engineering
It involves genetic manipulation to produce an organism with a new combination to improve the heredity.
The production of improved varities by selecting mating is called breeding.
Application of scientific knowledge to question civil and criminal laws is called forensic science.

Vetenary Medicine
It deals with the study of domesticated animals and their health care.
Science dealing with the rearing of domestic fowls such as chickens, ducks and geese are called poultry science.

Medicine
The science of treating diseases with drugs or curative substances.
The science dealing with structure, function and use of microscopic organisms is called microbiology.
The science dealing with the nature of diseases their causes, symptoms and effects is called pathology.
The branch of medicine, involving physical operations to cure diseases or injuries to the body is called Surgery.
The science of knowledge of drugs and preparation of medicine is called pharmacology.

Therapy
A method of treatment of convalescents and for physically handicapped utilizing light work for diversion, physical exercise or vocational training is called occupational therapy.
The treatment of diseases, bodily weakness or defects by physical remedies, such as massage and exercise called physiotherapy.

Introduction to Biology

The scientific extension of human curiosity has given birth to the science of Biology.

Science is derived from Latin word scientia, means to know (knowledge).
The term 'Biology" is derived from bios, means life and logos, means discourse.
Aristotle is called father of Biology and Zoology.
Term 'biology' is given by Lamarck and Traviranus (1802).
Zoology is the branch of biology in which we study or become familier with the facts of animals life.
A scientific approach in Biology includes: observation, formulation of hypothesis, testing of hypothesis and
development of theory.
We study biology to understand ourselves better, to meet our needs, to solve problems, out of curiosity, to get
food, clothing and shelter, to maintain ecosystem and to conserve our nature resources, etc.
The term systematic, taxonomy and biological classification are often used as synonyms.
The term systematic was coined by Carolus Linnaenus in 1735.
Taxonomy is the study of the principle and procedures of classification.
The term taxonomy (Gr. Taxis, arrangement: nomos, law) was proposed by French botanist August de Candolle
(1778-1841) for the theory of plant classification.
Biological classification is the ordering of organisms into groups.