Immunodefeciency means deficiency of the immune system. The children who are born without either T cells or B cells lack the ability to fight against the diseases and so are highly prone to infections.
Severe Combined Immuno defeciency (SCID): In this disorder both T cells and B cells are absent at birth. Since the body lacks the immune system even a small infection can be fatal. The children have been kept alive by keeping them in the isolation suits which resemble the space suits, in the developed countries. The air inside the suits is almost sterile, without germs so that the child does not catch any infection.
Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome – AIDS
Cause of AIDS – Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that can be passed from one person to another chiefly during sexual contact or through sharing of intravenous drug needles and syringes. Other names: Scientists have named the AIDS virus HIV or HTLV – III or LAV also. These abbreviations stand for information denoting a virus that attacks white blood cells (T-lymphocyte) in the human blood.
HIV – Human Immuno defeciency Virus
HTLV – III – Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III
LAV – Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus
Sign and Symptoms: People infected with AIDS virus remain apparently well even after infection. They may not show any physical symptoms of illness for a long time. When the AIDS virus enters the blood stream, it begins to attack certain white blood cells (T-lymphocytes) and substances called antibodies are produced in the body. These antibodies can be detected by a specific blood test usually two weeks to three months after infection.
Once an individual is infected, the body may respond in many ways:
- In some people, the protective immune system may be destroyed by the virus and then other germs (like bacteria, fungi, protozoans) and cancers that ordinarily do not attack, cause opportunistic diseases (meaning using the opportunity of lowered resistance) to infect and destroy the body. Some of the common diseases are pneumonia, tuberculosis and certain cancers.
- AIDS virus may attack nervous system causing damage to the brain.
- Some may develop AIDS – Related complex (ARC) condition.
- Some early signs may be persistent cough and fever associated with difficulty in breathing.
- In some, AIDS may take years to develop and may show up as memory loss, indifference, loss of coordination, partial paralysis or mental disorder.
Symptoms of ARC (AIDS – Related complex)
ARC is a condition caused by the AIDS virus which has a specific set of clinical symptoms.
(i) Swollen lymph nodes and fever.
(ii) Night sweats and tiredness.
(iii) Weight loss, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and lack of resistance to the infection.
Mode of Infection: The infection from AIDS virus occurs only:
- When a person has sexual contact with an infected person.
- By using contaminated needles. Even the smallest amount of infected blood left in a used needle or syringe can contain live AIDS virus which can be passed on the next user.
- By the blood to blood contact as in blood transfusion.
Currently in many countries as in U.S.A., all blood donors are initially screened for AIDS virus and proper precautions are taken before blood transfusion.
Although the AIDS virus has been found in tears and saliva, no instance of transmission from these body fluids has been reported. There is no danger of infection with AIDS virus by casual social contacts or by sharing cups, towels or food. Also there are no known cases of AIDS transmission by insects like mosquitoes or pets.
High Risk groups
It is now absolutely clear that AIDS is not a black or white disease though it may be confined to a specific region. AID is not a male disease, it is found in women and children as well. But the high risk groups who become infected with the AIDS virus are found mainly among:
- Homosexual men.
- Bisexual men (who have both homosexual and heterosexual partners)
- Male and female intravenous drug users.
- Recipient of blood products.
- Sexual partners of these high risk individuals.
- Children born to women who carry the virus.
If a woman is infected with the AIDS virus and becomes pregnant, she can pass the AIDS virus to her unborn child.
AIDS is a life threatening disease. At present there is no vaccine to prevent and there is no cure. However, AIDS is preventable. It can be controlled by changes in personal behaviour. AIDS is no longer the concern of any one segment of society but is the concern of all. The need of the hour is to provide care for those infected with AIDS and inform and educate others as how to prevent it.
AIDS was first recognised in USA in 1981. Although in 1984 the American and the French scientists independently identified the agent as a virus, AIDS is still a mysterious disease in many ways. We still do not know why the AIDS virus is not destroyed by man's immune system.
Organ Transplants and Immunosuppression
Transplantation means the replacement of a diseased organ or a tissue of an individual with the living healthy organ or tissue from another individual. The transplanted organs contain about forty antigens which can trigger the production of antibodies in the recipient (the person in which organ is transplanted). The recipient body recognises the transplanted organ as the foreign body or antigen and hence produces antibodies against it which cause the destruction of the transplanted organ (also called as rejection).
Ways to prevent rejection of Transplanted organ or Tissue
(i) By use of immunosuppressants. These drugs counteract the immune system and stop the production of antibodies against the transplanted organ. These drugs are not only expensive but also inhibit the body's normal immune response to disease causing microorganisms. The patient becomes prone to all kinds of infections. The research is still on to develop the immunosuppressive drugs which only stop the rejection response and do not affect the general immune system.
(ii) By taking transplanted organ from the siblings. It has been seen that if the transplanted organ like kidney is taken from the sibling (i.e. from brother or a sister) or identical twins the chances of acceptance are more as they have a comparatively similar genetic constitution.
(iii) By taking skin grafts in case of burns from one part of the body to another of the same individual.
(iv) By the use of X – irradiation on bone marrow and lymph tissues. This suppresses the blood cell production and slows the phenomenon of rejection.
Severe Combined Immuno defeciency (SCID): In this disorder both T cells and B cells are absent at birth. Since the body lacks the immune system even a small infection can be fatal. The children have been kept alive by keeping them in the isolation suits which resemble the space suits, in the developed countries. The air inside the suits is almost sterile, without germs so that the child does not catch any infection.
Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome – AIDS
Cause of AIDS – Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that can be passed from one person to another chiefly during sexual contact or through sharing of intravenous drug needles and syringes. Other names: Scientists have named the AIDS virus HIV or HTLV – III or LAV also. These abbreviations stand for information denoting a virus that attacks white blood cells (T-lymphocyte) in the human blood.
HIV – Human Immuno defeciency Virus
HTLV – III – Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III
LAV – Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus
Sign and Symptoms: People infected with AIDS virus remain apparently well even after infection. They may not show any physical symptoms of illness for a long time. When the AIDS virus enters the blood stream, it begins to attack certain white blood cells (T-lymphocytes) and substances called antibodies are produced in the body. These antibodies can be detected by a specific blood test usually two weeks to three months after infection.
Once an individual is infected, the body may respond in many ways:
- In some people, the protective immune system may be destroyed by the virus and then other germs (like bacteria, fungi, protozoans) and cancers that ordinarily do not attack, cause opportunistic diseases (meaning using the opportunity of lowered resistance) to infect and destroy the body. Some of the common diseases are pneumonia, tuberculosis and certain cancers.
- AIDS virus may attack nervous system causing damage to the brain.
- Some may develop AIDS – Related complex (ARC) condition.
- Some early signs may be persistent cough and fever associated with difficulty in breathing.
- In some, AIDS may take years to develop and may show up as memory loss, indifference, loss of coordination, partial paralysis or mental disorder.
Symptoms of ARC (AIDS – Related complex)
ARC is a condition caused by the AIDS virus which has a specific set of clinical symptoms.
(i) Swollen lymph nodes and fever.
(ii) Night sweats and tiredness.
(iii) Weight loss, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and lack of resistance to the infection.
Mode of Infection: The infection from AIDS virus occurs only:
- When a person has sexual contact with an infected person.
- By using contaminated needles. Even the smallest amount of infected blood left in a used needle or syringe can contain live AIDS virus which can be passed on the next user.
- By the blood to blood contact as in blood transfusion.
Currently in many countries as in U.S.A., all blood donors are initially screened for AIDS virus and proper precautions are taken before blood transfusion.
Although the AIDS virus has been found in tears and saliva, no instance of transmission from these body fluids has been reported. There is no danger of infection with AIDS virus by casual social contacts or by sharing cups, towels or food. Also there are no known cases of AIDS transmission by insects like mosquitoes or pets.
High Risk groups
It is now absolutely clear that AIDS is not a black or white disease though it may be confined to a specific region. AID is not a male disease, it is found in women and children as well. But the high risk groups who become infected with the AIDS virus are found mainly among:
- Homosexual men.
- Bisexual men (who have both homosexual and heterosexual partners)
- Male and female intravenous drug users.
- Recipient of blood products.
- Sexual partners of these high risk individuals.
- Children born to women who carry the virus.
If a woman is infected with the AIDS virus and becomes pregnant, she can pass the AIDS virus to her unborn child.
AIDS is a life threatening disease. At present there is no vaccine to prevent and there is no cure. However, AIDS is preventable. It can be controlled by changes in personal behaviour. AIDS is no longer the concern of any one segment of society but is the concern of all. The need of the hour is to provide care for those infected with AIDS and inform and educate others as how to prevent it.
AIDS was first recognised in USA in 1981. Although in 1984 the American and the French scientists independently identified the agent as a virus, AIDS is still a mysterious disease in many ways. We still do not know why the AIDS virus is not destroyed by man's immune system.
Organ Transplants and Immunosuppression
Transplantation means the replacement of a diseased organ or a tissue of an individual with the living healthy organ or tissue from another individual. The transplanted organs contain about forty antigens which can trigger the production of antibodies in the recipient (the person in which organ is transplanted). The recipient body recognises the transplanted organ as the foreign body or antigen and hence produces antibodies against it which cause the destruction of the transplanted organ (also called as rejection).
Ways to prevent rejection of Transplanted organ or Tissue
(i) By use of immunosuppressants. These drugs counteract the immune system and stop the production of antibodies against the transplanted organ. These drugs are not only expensive but also inhibit the body's normal immune response to disease causing microorganisms. The patient becomes prone to all kinds of infections. The research is still on to develop the immunosuppressive drugs which only stop the rejection response and do not affect the general immune system.
(ii) By taking transplanted organ from the siblings. It has been seen that if the transplanted organ like kidney is taken from the sibling (i.e. from brother or a sister) or identical twins the chances of acceptance are more as they have a comparatively similar genetic constitution.
(iii) By taking skin grafts in case of burns from one part of the body to another of the same individual.
(iv) By the use of X – irradiation on bone marrow and lymph tissues. This suppresses the blood cell production and slows the phenomenon of rejection.
1 comments:
Hiv disease for the last 3 years and had pain hard to eat and cough are nightmares,especially the first year At this stage, the immune system is severely weakened, and the risk of contracting opportunistic infections is much greater. However, not everyone with HIV will go on to develop AIDS. The earlier you receive treatment, the better your outcome will be.I started taking ARV to avoid early death but I had faith in God that i would be healed someday.As a Hiv patent we are advise to be taking antiretroviral treatments to reduce our chance of transmitting the virus to others , few weeks ago i came on search on the internet if i could get any information on Hiv treatment with herbal medicine, on my search i saw a testimony of someone who has been healed from Hiv her name was Achima Abelard and other Herpes Virus patent Tasha Moore also giving testimony about this same man,Called Dr Itua Herbal Center.I was moved by the testimony and i contacted him by his Email.drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com . We chatted and he send me a bottle of herbal medicine I drank it as he instructed me to.After drinking it he ask me to go for a test that how i ended my suffering life of Hiv patent,I'm cured and free of Arv Pills.I'm forever grateful to him Drituaherbalcenter.Here his contact Number +2348149277967...He assure me he can cure the following disease..Hiv,Cancer,Herpes Virus,Hpv,Pile,Weak Erection,Lyme Disease,Epilepsy,Glaucoma.,Brain Tumor,psoriasis, Cataracts,Macular degeneration,Cardiovascular disease,Chronic Diarrhea,Lung disease.Enlarged prostate,Osteoporosis.Alzheimer's disease,
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